What Do Grass-Fed Cows Eat in the Winter?
We get this question a lot — especially from folks who are new to our tallow skincare and have started paying closer attention to where their ingredients actually come from.
And it's a fair thing to wonder. Our ranch looks drastically different in June versus January. In summer, the pastures are deep green and the herd is out on rotation, grazing fresh grass every day. Come winter, the fields turn brown. Snow covers everything. It's still pretty — just different.
June: Open pastures, fresh grass, cattle on daily rotation.
January: Same pasture. Very different job.
So how do our cattle stay 100% grass-fed when there's no green grass growing?
Short answer: we plan ahead. We grow extra grass in the summer, harvest it before the first freeze, and store it in a way that keeps it nutritious through the cold months. No grain. No shortcuts. Ever.
Here's what that actually looks like on a working grass-fed ranch in New Jersey.
The Simple Answer: Hay (But Not Just Any Hay)
When the pastures go dormant in late fall, our cattle transition to eating stored forage — grass we cut, cured, and put up during the growing season. In ranching terms, that's hay.
Hay is just grass that's been mown, dried, and baled. It's the same plants the cattle eat in the pasture all summer — clover, timothy, orchardgrass, fescue, and a handful of other forages that grow naturally on our 600 acres — just preserved for later. Think of it like canning tomatoes from the garden. The tomatoes don't stop being tomatoes just because they're in a jar on the pantry shelf. Same idea with hay.
So when someone asks "do grass-fed cows eat hay in the winter?" — the answer is yes, and that's still grass-fed. Hay is grass. It just happens to be dried.
Fresh-cut grass laid in rows, wilting in the field before we bale it.
What We Actually Do: Baleage (aka "Wet-Baled Hay")
Here's where our operation gets a little more specific.
Most of what we put up for winter isn't traditional dry hay — it's baleage, also called wet-baled hay. The difference matters, so let's unpack it.
Dry Hay vs. Baleage
Dry hay is grass that's been cut and left in the field to dry in the sun for several days before it gets baled. It's the classic method. The downside is that drying grass in open air — especially in the humid Northeast — can degrade some of the vitamins and nutrients that made the grass valuable in the first place. And if it rains on your cut hay? You've got a problem.
Baleage is grass that's cut, wilted just a little bit, and then baled while it's still moist. The bales get wrapped in plastic right away to seal out oxygen. Then something cool happens: the grass ferments inside the wrap. It's basically the same process that turns cabbage into sauerkraut or cucumbers into pickles.
We like to call it pickled grass.
Finished bales — each one is a winter's worth of "pickled grass" for the herd.
Fermentation preserves the feed and actually enhances some of its nutritional value. The cattle love it — they can tell the difference, and they'll reach for a fresh-opened bale of baleage over dry hay almost every time. More importantly, it holds onto more of the vitamins, fats, and fermentable fiber that make grass-fed forage actually nutritious. That matters when you're using every part of the animal — including the suet we render into tallow for skincare.
"Grass-Fed" vs. "Grass-Finished": Why the Distinction Matters
This is worth pausing on because it's where a lot of people get misled.
Grass-fed technically just means the cow ate mostly grass during its life. Under most labeling standards, the cow can still be finished on grain in the final months before harvest — and "finishing" is when the majority of the fat is laid down. So grass-fed / grain-finished beef is a real thing, and it's a lot more common than people realize.
Grass-fed and grass-finished means exactly what it sounds like: the cattle eat a grass and forage diet for their entire lives. Birth to harvest. Not a single kernel of grain.
That's the standard we hold at Beaver Brook Ranch. And it's the reason we do the extra work to put up baleage every summer. If we ran out of stored forage in January and reached for a bag of grain to get through the rest of winter, we'd have to stop calling our cattle grass-finished. That's not a trade-off we're willing to make.
It's also worth knowing that roughly 85% of the "grass-fed" beef sold in U.S. stores is imported — often from Australia, Brazil, or Uruguay, where year-round grazing is easier. A "Product of USA" sticker on that beef usually just means it was packaged here. That's legal under current labeling rules, but it's worth knowing when you're reading a label.
When we say our tallow comes from grass-fed, grass-finished cattle, we mean the cattle you could walk out and visit — grazing the pastures we manage, eating the forage we grew ourselves, right here in Hope, New Jersey.
How Different Regions Handle Winter Differently
Not every grass-fed operation feeds baleage. How a ranch keeps cattle on a forage-only diet in winter depends a lot on climate.
Northeast ranches like ours deal with real winters — snow, ice, freezing temperatures for months. Standing grass doesn't survive it. We have to mow, bale, and store. Baleage is popular up here because our summers are humid and getting three consecutive dry days to sun-cure dry hay is a gamble.
Western and Great Plains ranches often have enough open range and the right grass species (fescues, native prairie grasses) that cattle can graze standing forage through the winter. The snow is drier, the grass stands up above it, and in some regions you can essentially pasture cattle year-round with minimal stored feed.
Southern operations sometimes face the opposite problem: summer heat and drought can stall grass growth, so ranchers down there might actually feed hay in July rather than January.
Good ranchers adapt their system to their climate. There's no one-size-fits-all approach — which is part of why "grass-fed" looks different from ranch to ranch, and why knowing your source matters.
The Honest Part: This Is a Lot of Extra Work
We're not going to pretend baleage is the easy way to raise cattle. It isn't.
Fall harvest in motion. Hay season is stressful, weather-dependent, and worth it.
Hay season runs through late summer into early fall, and it's weather-dependent, equipment-intensive, and stressful. You need the right window — enough dry time to cut and wilt, but you can't let the grass over-cure or under-cure before you wrap it. You need the baler, the wrapper, the tractor, the field conditions, and the forecast all to cooperate. When they don't, you're either making worse feed or scrambling to reschedule a cutting.
Most years we wrap up our haymaking by the first freeze, which means the herd is set for winter before the pastures even go dormant. Some years that timing is tight.
Could we simplify things by buying a few tons of grain and supplementing through winter? Absolutely. Most cattle operations do exactly that — it's cheaper, it's easier, and it takes less land.
But grain changes the fat profile of the animal. Grain-finished cattle have significantly lower omega-3s and higher omega-6s. Less CLA (conjugated linoleic acid). Fewer fat-soluble vitamins. That matters when you're eating the beef. And it especially matters when you're rendering the suet into tallow for skincare — because fat is where all of that nutrient content lives.
The whole reason grass-fed tallow performs differently on skin is the fatty acid profile. If we cut corners in January, that shows up in the jar.
Why Any of This Matters for Your Skincare
Most tallow skincare brands buy their tallow from commercial rendering plants. That tallow is almost always a blended product — fat from dozens or hundreds of different cattle from different farms, different regions, different diets, different finishing practices. Even when the label says "grass-fed," there's no way to know whether those cattle were actually grass-finished or whether they got grain during the winter months when sourcing got inconvenient.
That's not a knock on those brands — it's just the reality of commodity tallow supply.
What's different about what we do is that our tallow comes from one place: cattle we raised ourselves, on pasture we manage ourselves, eating forage we grew ourselves. Summer, winter, every month in between. When you open a jar of our whipped tallow or a bar of our soap, you can trace it back — not just to a ranch, but to a season, a pasture, and a herd.
That traceability is only possible because we do the extra work in summer to feed the herd properly through winter. Baleage in January is directly connected to the quality of the tallow in July.
It's a lot of steps to explain a jar of skincare. But we think the full story matters — and we'd rather you understand how it works than just take our word for it.
Want the full picture of how we raise the cattle behind our tallow?Learn how regenerative ranching creates superior tallow for skincare →